Phytochemical Profiling and Dual In Vitro In Vivo Antidiabetic Assessment of Ethyl Acetate Fraction and Essential Oil From Allium ascalonicum

Allium ascalonicum (shallot) is a traditional medicinal plant recognized for its rich phytochemical content and therapeutic potential. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition, antidiabetic activity, and toxicity profile of the ethyl acetate fraction and essential oil. GC–MS analysis identified 34 compounds in the ethyl acetate fraction, with major constituents including phenol, 2-methoxy-4-vinyl- (17.77%) and 2-cyclohexene-1-one (7.99%), while the essential oil revealed 10 major compounds such as hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (30.77%), and caryophyllene oxide (10.82%). Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids. Heavy metal analysis indicated acceptable levels, with lead and cobalt undetected. In vitro antidiabetic assays demonstrated potent α-amylase, DPP-4, and PTP-1B inhibitory activity, especially by the essential oil (IC₅₀ = 7.93, 7.74, and 17.86 μg/mL), comparable with standard drugs. Acute toxicity studies revealed no adverse effects up to 2000 mg/kg. In vivo, both the ethyl acetate fraction and essential oil significantly reduced fasting blood glucose (over 40%), improved lipid profiles, and prevented weight loss in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Further studies focusing on molecular targets and signaling pathways are warranted to fully elucidate the therapeutic potential of A. ascalonicum in diabetes management.