[Construction and Optimization of Ecological Security Pattern in Semi-arid Region of Western Heilongjiang Province].

Constructing an ecological security pattern is a crucial measure for safeguarding biodiversity and upholding ecosystem services. Current research on the construction of ecological security patterns often focuses on natural reserves or specific land-use types as ecological sources, while overlooking the connectivity and stability of potential ecosystem services. In light of this, this study proposes a method for extracting ecological sources based on ecosystem services and morphological spatial pattern analysis （MSPA） in the semi-arid region of western Heilongjiang Province. A resistance surface was created by considering both the natural environment and human activities in the study area, and subsequently, circuit theory was employed to determine the ecological security pattern. Furthermore, complex network theory was utilized to identify an optimized ecological network security. The findings revealed the following： ① Spatial heterogeneity in ecosystem services within the region was significant. The areas with high-level ecosystem services in 2000, 2010, and 2020 were 78 716 km², 84 267 km², and 82 849 km², respectively, accounting for 50.21%, 53.75%, and 52.85% of the total area, respectively. ② Landscape fragmentation of ecological sources was pronounced, with ecological sources covering over 23% of the study area. The central region exhibited higher resistance values while the eastern forest area showed lower resistance values. The average resistance values of ecological resistance surfaces for the years 2000, 2010, and 2020 were recorded as being at levels of approximately 2.15, 2.07, and 2.17, respectively. ③ Ecological corridors demonstrated notable spatial heterogeneity. The augmentation of potential ecological corridors could significantly enhance stability and connectivity within the ecological network. Based on complex theory, the optimization process for ecological corridor planning resulted in a proposed optimized pattern termed "One Belt, Two Zones, Multiple Islands, and One Center" for achieving an enhanced level of ecological security. The study offers novel insights into the restoration and enhancement of the regional ecological environment and spatial layout, providing scientific evidence for promoting sustainable development in the provincial ecosystem. By integrating ecosystem services evaluation with MSPA and complex network theory, this approach emphasizes the importance of considering both natural environmental factors and anthropogenic influences when constructing a resilient ecological network. The findings underscore the imperative to enhance landscape connectivity and stability to ensure long-term ecological sustainability. The proposed ecological security pattern aims to strike a balance between ecological protection and regional development, guaranteeing the maintenance and improvement of ecological functions across western Heilongjiang Province's semi-arid region. This research can serve as an exemplary model for other regions grappling with similar challenges related to ecology and environment, thereby contributing significantly to the broader field of landscape ecology and conservation planning.