{"title":"基于哑铃缺陷-地基结构(DB-DGS)谐振器的多用途反射模相位变化微波传感器,用于固体和液体表征","authors":"Nazmia Kurniawati;Paris Vélez;Pau Casacuberta;Lijuan Su;Xavier Canalias;Gerard Sisó;Ferran Martín","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3587339","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a single-frequency planar microwave sensor designed for characterizing solid and liquid samples. The sensor operates in reflective-mode one-port configuration utilizing a microstrip line with a series inductive strip terminated with a transversely oriented dumbbell defect-ground-structure (DB-DGS) resonator (etched in the ground plane), the sensing element. The output variable is the phase of the reflection (RX) coefficient at a specific (operating) frequency. The device is modeled by a lumped circuit consisting of a parallel resonator (accounting for the DB-DGS resonator) series connected to an inductor and a parasitic capacitor. This configuration enables the generation of a steep phase slope in the RX coefficient at the operating frequency, which is essential for achieving high sensitivity. The sensor can be applied to the detection of small variations in the permittivity of the environment surrounding the sensing element in the vicinity of a reference (REF) value, where such REF value can be selected at wish by conveniently tuning the operating frequency. To demonstrate the versatility of the proposed device, three different scenarios are considered: 1) dielectric constant of solid samples measurement; 2) ethanol concentration in deionized (DI) water determination; and 3) detection of water/detergent in wine. The maximum sensitivity achieved for the dielectric characterization of solids is –382.44° per unit of dielectric constant. For liquid sensing, the sensor exhibits sensitivities of 9°/% for ethanol concentration in water and 0.88°/% for detecting water/detergent mixtures in wine. Despite the similar electromagnetic characteristics of water/detergent and wine, the proposed sensor can resolve a volume fraction (percentage of water/detergent in wine) as little as 2.5%, demonstrating high sensitivity. For the mixture of ethanol and DI water, the sensor is capable of detecting a concentration of 1% of ethanol.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 16","pages":"30676-30691"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3000,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11080223","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"A Versatile Reflective-Mode Phase-Variation Microwave Sensor Based on a Dumbbell Defect-Ground-Structure (DB-DGS) Resonator for Solid and Liquid Characterization\",\"authors\":\"Nazmia Kurniawati;Paris Vélez;Pau Casacuberta;Lijuan Su;Xavier Canalias;Gerard Sisó;Ferran Martín\",\"doi\":\"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3587339\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"This article presents a single-frequency planar microwave sensor designed for characterizing solid and liquid samples. The sensor operates in reflective-mode one-port configuration utilizing a microstrip line with a series inductive strip terminated with a transversely oriented dumbbell defect-ground-structure (DB-DGS) resonator (etched in the ground plane), the sensing element. The output variable is the phase of the reflection (RX) coefficient at a specific (operating) frequency. The device is modeled by a lumped circuit consisting of a parallel resonator (accounting for the DB-DGS resonator) series connected to an inductor and a parasitic capacitor. This configuration enables the generation of a steep phase slope in the RX coefficient at the operating frequency, which is essential for achieving high sensitivity. The sensor can be applied to the detection of small variations in the permittivity of the environment surrounding the sensing element in the vicinity of a reference (REF) value, where such REF value can be selected at wish by conveniently tuning the operating frequency. To demonstrate the versatility of the proposed device, three different scenarios are considered: 1) dielectric constant of solid samples measurement; 2) ethanol concentration in deionized (DI) water determination; and 3) detection of water/detergent in wine. The maximum sensitivity achieved for the dielectric characterization of solids is –382.44° per unit of dielectric constant. For liquid sensing, the sensor exhibits sensitivities of 9°/% for ethanol concentration in water and 0.88°/% for detecting water/detergent mixtures in wine. Despite the similar electromagnetic characteristics of water/detergent and wine, the proposed sensor can resolve a volume fraction (percentage of water/detergent in wine) as little as 2.5%, demonstrating high sensitivity. For the mixture of ethanol and DI water, the sensor is capable of detecting a concentration of 1% of ethanol.\",\"PeriodicalId\":447,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"IEEE Sensors Journal\",\"volume\":\"25 16\",\"pages\":\"30676-30691\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":4.3000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-07-14\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11080223\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"IEEE Sensors Journal\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"103\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11080223/\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"综合性期刊\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"IEEE Sensors Journal","FirstCategoryId":"103","ListUrlMain":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11080223/","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC","Score":null,"Total":0}
A Versatile Reflective-Mode Phase-Variation Microwave Sensor Based on a Dumbbell Defect-Ground-Structure (DB-DGS) Resonator for Solid and Liquid Characterization
This article presents a single-frequency planar microwave sensor designed for characterizing solid and liquid samples. The sensor operates in reflective-mode one-port configuration utilizing a microstrip line with a series inductive strip terminated with a transversely oriented dumbbell defect-ground-structure (DB-DGS) resonator (etched in the ground plane), the sensing element. The output variable is the phase of the reflection (RX) coefficient at a specific (operating) frequency. The device is modeled by a lumped circuit consisting of a parallel resonator (accounting for the DB-DGS resonator) series connected to an inductor and a parasitic capacitor. This configuration enables the generation of a steep phase slope in the RX coefficient at the operating frequency, which is essential for achieving high sensitivity. The sensor can be applied to the detection of small variations in the permittivity of the environment surrounding the sensing element in the vicinity of a reference (REF) value, where such REF value can be selected at wish by conveniently tuning the operating frequency. To demonstrate the versatility of the proposed device, three different scenarios are considered: 1) dielectric constant of solid samples measurement; 2) ethanol concentration in deionized (DI) water determination; and 3) detection of water/detergent in wine. The maximum sensitivity achieved for the dielectric characterization of solids is –382.44° per unit of dielectric constant. For liquid sensing, the sensor exhibits sensitivities of 9°/% for ethanol concentration in water and 0.88°/% for detecting water/detergent mixtures in wine. Despite the similar electromagnetic characteristics of water/detergent and wine, the proposed sensor can resolve a volume fraction (percentage of water/detergent in wine) as little as 2.5%, demonstrating high sensitivity. For the mixture of ethanol and DI water, the sensor is capable of detecting a concentration of 1% of ethanol.
期刊介绍:
The fields of interest of the IEEE Sensors Journal are the theory, design , fabrication, manufacturing and applications of devices for sensing and transducing physical, chemical and biological phenomena, with emphasis on the electronics and physics aspect of sensors and integrated sensors-actuators. IEEE Sensors Journal deals with the following:
-Sensor Phenomenology, Modelling, and Evaluation
-Sensor Materials, Processing, and Fabrication
-Chemical and Gas Sensors
-Microfluidics and Biosensors
-Optical Sensors
-Physical Sensors: Temperature, Mechanical, Magnetic, and others
-Acoustic and Ultrasonic Sensors
-Sensor Packaging
-Sensor Networks
-Sensor Applications
-Sensor Systems: Signals, Processing, and Interfaces
-Actuators and Sensor Power Systems
-Sensor Signal Processing for high precision and stability (amplification, filtering, linearization, modulation/demodulation) and under harsh conditions (EMC, radiation, humidity, temperature); energy consumption/harvesting
-Sensor Data Processing (soft computing with sensor data, e.g., pattern recognition, machine learning, evolutionary computation; sensor data fusion, processing of wave e.g., electromagnetic and acoustic; and non-wave, e.g., chemical, gravity, particle, thermal, radiative and non-radiative sensor data, detection, estimation and classification based on sensor data)
-Sensors in Industrial Practice