Exploring demographic and productive factors in socioeconomic vulnerability of small-scale aquaculture in Chile

Small-scale aquaculture (SSA) in Chile is a critical activity for coastal communities, yet it faces numerous challenges, including socioeconomic vulnerability. While there is substantial literature on large-scale aquaculture, especially salmon farming, the specific dynamics and vulnerabilities of SSA have not been studied in depth. This paper seeks to fill this gap by analyzing the internal and external factors that shape the socioeconomic vulnerability of SSA producers and offering insights for policy intervention to enhance resilience and sustainability. The study uses secondary data from 187 surveys conducted in aquaculture centers, mainly in the Los Lagos Region. It developed a vulnerability index encompassing living conditions, health, and social security. Using Pareto Frontiers, a multinomial logit model classified individuals into different vulnerability categories. We highlight some key sociodemographic and productive determinants of vulnerability in SSA. Findings reveal that gender disparities, income dependency, and market isolation drive vulnerability among small producers in Chile’s aquaculture sector. Female producers are more likely to face higher vulnerability, while long-term experience does not necessarily translate into economic security, indicating systemic barriers. High dependency on aquaculture income and reliance on specific species, such as Agarophyton chilensis (ex Gracilaria chilensis) and locally known as pelillo, increase exposure to economic risks, highlighting the need for diversification. Improved infrastructure and digital tools could mitigate the effects of geographic isolation. These results emphasize the importance of integrated policies addressing individual and structural factors to promote sustainable economic outcomes.