Mechanistic and clinical insights into the antidiabetic potential of Cinnamomum cassia: A review

Background

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, particularly Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), due to defects in insulin secretion, action, or both. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has long utilized Cinnamomum cassia, known for its potent therapeutic properties in managing various ailments. Modern pharmacological research has begun to validate these traditional uses, focusing on the bioactive compounds within C. cassia that contribute to its hypoglycemic effects.

Objectives

This review aims to comprehensively evaluate the mechanistic insights into the role of C. cassia in blood glucose regulation, its phytochemical constituents, and its clinical efficacy in diabetes management. This study integrates traditional knowledge with current researches to enhance C. cassia’s role in diabetes therapy.

Methods

A systematic literature search was conducted using indexed databases such as Scopus, ScienceDirect, MDPI, PubMed, and Web of Science, based on relevance, focusing on animal, in vitro studies related to C. cassia's antidiabetic effects, and as a use of TCM.

Results

Cinnamomum cassia exhibits significant antidiabetic properties primarily through its active compound, cinnamaldehyde. This compound modulates key metabolic pathways, such as PI3K/AKT and AMPK, enhancing insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the efficacy of C. cassia in improving glycemic control, reducing fasting blood glucose levels, and enhancing β-cell function. Clinical trials corroborate these findings, indicating reduced HbA1c and improved lipid profiles in diabetic patients supplemented with C. cassia. Furthermore, traditional TCM preparations incorporating C. cassia have shown synergistic effects, enhancing the overall therapeutic outcomes.

Conclusion

Cinnamomum cassia as a potent natural intervention for managing diabetes mellitus, particularly T2DM. Its multifaceted mechanisms in both traditional and modern medicinal practices underscore its potential as a complementary therapy. Future research should refine extraction methods to minimize adverse effects while maximizing therapeutic benefits.