Oscillatory signature and mechanism of energy extraction around rotating black holes in the Einstein-Euler-Heisenberg theory

This paper explores the electromagnetic Penrose process and fundamental frequencies with Einstein-Euler-Heisenberg theory with including new dimensionless parameter 𝛽. This parameter was related to the fine structure constant 𝛼 and the Schwinger critical field and the BH mass parameter (𝑀). The results of our research showed that the energy efficiency in the electromagnetic Penrose process can reach >100% in some cases, it has 25% energy efficiency in the case when a falling particle has no charge. However, the Christodoulou-Ruffini-Hawking theory can limit these values. In all results, we observed a decrease in energy efficiency when the value of the parameter 𝛽 was increased. By checking how harmonic oscillations depend on 𝛽, we observed that horizontal oscillations decrease and vertical oscillations increase when we consider 𝛽. We plotted horizon, ISCO orbits, effective potential structures, extractable energy, conservation energy, and angular momentum with Keplerian frequency and quasiperiodic oscillations.