Tracking and analysis of testicular cancer burden in adolescents and young adults globally in Asia and in China: 1990-2021 epidemiological trends.

Background: Testicular cancer (TC) is the most common malignancy among males aged 15-44 years and is rising in incidence, particularly in Asia and China. Despite improved survival rates, TC imposes a heavy economic and psychological burden. This study aims to analyze the trends in TC incidence, mortality, and the burden of disease across different regions and sociodemographic indices, and to forecast future trends.

Methods: Data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study were used to analyze the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized prevalence rate, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years. Joinpoint regression, decomposition analysis, and Nordpred models were used to assess the trends and forecasts.

Results: In 2021, the global ASIR for TC in adolescents and young adults was 0.37 per 100,000, with 5,698 deaths and a decrease in the age-standardized death rates (annual percentage change in the age-specific death rate: -0.28). The incidence and prevalence increased in regions with a medium sociodemographic index (SDI) but decreased in regions with a high SDI. East Asia and Southeast Asia showed notable increases in incidence and prevalence, although mortality decreased.

Conclusions: Epidemiological changes and population growth have contributed to the global increase in TC incidence, while advances in early diagnosis and treatment have reduced mortality. Projections suggest a continued rise in TC burden, particularly in China, emphasizing the need for enhanced prevention, early screening, and international collaboration in TC research and healthcare.