Input–output analysis of Streptococcus disease impact on Malaysian tilapia production and exports

The tilapia is a vital commodity for Malaysia’s fish consumption and exports. The presence of Streptococcus bacterial infection has posed a threat to the production of tilapia production in Malaysia. This study investigates the economic impacts of Streptococcus disease on Malaysia’s tilapia production and exports. The methodology used is input–output analysis with different scenarios, namely baseline, preventive test-kit scenario, outbreak with intervention, and outbreak with no intervention. This method compares between the output multipliers to assess the costs of outbreaks. The study finds that the aquaculture industry could expand tilapia exports by an estimated value of 6.54% when test-kit intervention is implemented before the outbreak of Streptococcus disease. On the contrary, it risks losing up to approximately 40% of its export value without intervention, directly impacting revenue and economic stability. However, the implementation of test kit interventions reduces this risk, limiting the export losses to 37.59%. The policy makers shall introduce targeted tax incentives for small-scale tilapia farmers who adopt test-kits and adhere to best aquaculture practices, supported by monitoring systems. Future research may focus on establishing disease-free certification schemes and evaluating the cost-effectiveness of integrated approaches including water quality, vaccination, and fish health management. Sustainable tilapia production is essential to enhance food security, protecting small-scale farmers’ livelihoods, and minimising environmental risks. Aligning these practices with Malaysia’s commitments to SDG 2—Zero Hunger and SDG—Responsible Consumption and Production will strengthen its position as a responsible and competitive player in global aquaculture.