Integrated photovoltaic applications: Technological advancements, case studies, economic viability, policy implications, and environmental impact

Integrated photovoltaic (PV) applications are at the forefront of sustainable energy innovation, merging energy generation with building materials, agriculture, transportation, and more. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of integrated PV systems, covering recent technological advancements in PV materials and efficiency, real-world case studies of building-integrated and dual-use PV projects, economic viability and market trends, policy and regulatory frameworks, and environmental impacts. We review breakthroughs such as high-efficiency multi-junction cells and perovskite solar cells, and examine building-integrated PV (BIPV) technologies that seamlessly incorporate solar modules into architecture. Through case studies across different regions and sectors, we highlight successes and challenges in deploying integrated PV—from solar facades on commercial buildings to agrivoltaic farms. A detailed economic analysis is presented, noting the dramatic decline in PV costs and the emerging business models and return on investment (ROI) for integrated systems. Policy implications are discussed, including government incentives, building codes, and renewable energy targets that influence PV integration. Environmental impact assessment shows significant carbon footprint reduction and sustainability benefits of PV integration throughout its lifecycle. The findings underscore that integrated PV systems not only advance renewable energy adoption but also provide multi-faceted benefits such as aesthetic integration, land-use efficiency, and greenhouse gas mitigation.