Novel green and sustainable solvent system based on the synergistic effect of natural deep eutectic solvent and surfactant micelles for the separation and determination of acrylamide from various foodstuffs

The present study introduces the analytical procedure developed for the separation of acrylamide (AA) from different food samples by surfactant-modulated natural deep eutectic solvent-based sonication-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (SM-NADES-SA-LLME) and subsequent determination by ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV–Vis). A new solvent system was used for the separation of AA, which reveals the synergistic effect achieved by the combination of natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) and surfactant micelles. l-proline is one of the 20 amino acids that make up proteins, while malic acid is involved in the Krebs cycle. The use of these components of biological origin is important for the application of environmental sustainability principles in chemistry and for meeting the criteria of Green Analytical Chemistry. The interaction between NADES (l-proline:malic acid) and Triton X-114 (as nonionic surfactant) molecules reduced the critical micelle concentration, resulting in rapid and efficient micelle formation. To the best of our knowledge, this solvent system was used for the first time for the separation of AA. When the SM-NADES-SA-LLME procedure was applied under optimal conditions, efficient analytical parameters were obtained. Certified reference materials (CRMs) have also confirmed the high accuracy of the method. The green profile and applicability of the SM-NADES-SA-LLME procedure were demonstrated using specific software tools. The SM-NADES-SA-LLME procedure comprises a green, selective, sensitive and accurate analytical method including a novel solvent system for the determination of AA.