Accessibility, detection, bioaccumulation, concentration and toxicity studies of antibiotics in fish.

The widespread use of antibiotics in aquaculture has led to significant concerns regarding their presence in aquatic environments, their bioaccumulation in fish, and their potential toxicity to both aquatic life and human consumers. Antibiotics are extensively utilized to prevent and treat bacterial infections in farmed fish, but their residues have been detected in fish tissues, water bodies, and sediments. These residues contribute to antibiotic resistance, disrupt microbial ecosystems, and pose health risks upon consumption. The bioaccumulation and bioconcentration of antibiotic residues in fish tissues vary depending on the type of antibiotic, species of fish, and environmental factors. Advanced detection techniques, including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS), have been instrumental in identifying antibiotic residues with high precision. However, cost-effective alternatives such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) have also been explored for routine monitoring. The toxicity of antibiotic residues in fish has been associated with physiological alterations, immunosuppression, and reduced reproductive capacity, highlighting the necessity for stringent regulations and monitoring mechanisms. Regulatory frameworks such as the maximum residue limits (MRLs) established by the European Union and national guidelines aim to control antibiotic residues in fishery products. Despite these efforts, the persistence of antibiotics in aquatic environments calls for the promotion of alternative disease management strategies, such as probiotics and immunostimulants, to reduce antibiotic dependency. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of antibiotic accessibility, detection methods, bioaccumulation, bioconcentration, and toxicity in fish. These findings underscore the need for enhanced regulatory measures, sustainable aquaculture practices, and continued research on the long-term ecological and health implications of antibiotic residues in aquatic environments.