Herbal remedies in aquaculture: efficacy, risks, and the need for quality assurance

The use of herbal remedies in aquaculture has gained increasing attention as a sustainable alternative to synthetic drugs, particularly in response to rising concerns about antibiotic resistance and chemical bioaccumulation. This review examines the current landscape of herbal medicine in aquaculture, focusing on its therapeutic applications, limitations, and the pressing need for rigorous quality assurance. We synthesize findings from recent studies on the antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, and antiparasitic effects of plant-based treatments across various aquatic species. Special attention is given to challenges such as variability in efficacy, potential toxicity, environmental contamination, and the presence of anti-nutritional factors. The review also explores methods of phytochemical analysis, contamination screening, and product standardization. Despite promising results, inconsistent regulation, dosage uncertainty, and contamination risks pose significant barriers to widespread adoption. We emphasize the importance of harmonized international guidelines, evidence-based use, and validated safety protocols to ensure that herbal remedies can be reliably and safely integrated into modern aquaculture practices.