Assessing physical and mental health impacts of solid cooking fuel emissions

Indoor air pollution originating from the use of solid fuels for cooking and heating pose significant health concern in rural India, particularly affecting vulnerable groups such as the elderly, pregnant women, and children. This study explores the impact of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, NO₂, SO₂, and CO on physical and mental illnesses. A systematic review of 212 studies from 2015 to 2024 was conducted, focusing on solid fuel combustion for cooking and its health effects. Bibliometric analysis revealed prominent research themes, including environmental monitoring, toxicology, maternal and child health, and public health impacts of air pollution. Statistical analysis, including forest plots, funnel plots, and heterogeneity tests, was performed to assess the effect sizes and variability across studies. Health analysis was conducted using MS Excel and R software. The results showed significant associations between pollutant exposure and various health outcomes. PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were strongly linked to cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer. CO exposure was associated with adverse outcomes, while NO₂ and SO₂ had modest but harmful impacts. Children exposed to PM_2.5 had an increased risk of acute respiratory infections. Mental health effects, such as cognitive decline, depression, anxiety, and stress, were also associated with pollutant exposure. The prevalence of diseases increased with age, peaking in the 55–65 age group. Switching from solid fuels to cleaner alternatives such as LPG and electric cooking can significantly reduce indoor air pollution, and associated health risks when used safely, although proper handling and safety measures are essential to mitigate potential hazards linked to LPG use.

Graphical abstract