Environmental and Emission Analysis of Biodiesel/Bioethanol/Nanoparticles Blends With Hydrogen Addition in Diesel Engine

This study investigates the emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled by a combination of algae biodiesel (AB), bioethanol (BE), graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles, and hydrogen (H₂) fumigation, assessing their potential as sustainable fuel alternatives. A single-cylinder diesel engine was tested under different load conditions using a biodiesel blend (AB + GO 50 ppm + BE 10%) as the primary fuel. At the same time, H₂ was introduced into the intake manifold via a port fuel injector at flow rates of 3 and 6 L/min (LPM). Emissions, including hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO_x), and smoke opacity, were analyzed. Emission data from three independent runs at each load were analyzed with one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's HSD test (p < 0.05) to verify statistical significance. The findings showed that H₂ fumigation at 3 and 6 LPM reduced HC emissions by 33.33% and 46.66%, CO by 57.75% and 77.58%, and smoke opacity by 15.04% and 31%, respectively, when compared with conventional diesel. While NO_x emissions for the biodiesel blend without H₂ were 11.69% lower than diesel, H₂ fumigation increased NO_x by 20.71% and 39% at 3 and 6 LPM, respectively. Combining AB, BE, GO, and H₂ effectively reduces HC, CO, and smoke emissions while improving combustion efficiency. However, higher NO_x emissions with H₂ fumigation highlight the need for further optimization.