Low-amount RuP2 nanocluster anchored on P, N-codoped carbon with optimized H and H2O adsorption boost hydrogen evolution in anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzer

Developing efficient and stable catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is essential for advancing anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzer (AEMWE) technology. In this study, we present a facile microwave reduction and low-temperature phosphorization strategy to synthesize a highly efficient HER catalyst, comprising P, N-codoped carbon-supported RuP₂ nanocluster (RuP₂@PNC). RuP₂@PNC demonstrates outstanding HER performance, achieving overpotentials of 18 and 44 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm⁻² in alkaline and acidic media, respectively. Furthermore, an AEMWE device utilizing RuP₂@PNC as the cathode catalyst delivers a current density of 0.5 A cm⁻² at a cell voltage of 1.84 V and exhibits remarkable stability over 150 h of operation. Experimental analyses and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the synergistic effects of P, N-codoped and the unique structure of RuP₂ enhance electron transfer between Ru and the support, optimize the electronic structure, and regulate the d–band center of Ru. These features improve water adsorption, weaken the Ru–H binding strength, and facilitate efficient H₂ desorption, collectively driving the superior HER activity of RuP₂@PNC. This work offers an effective design strategy for high-performance HER catalysts and provides valuable insights for accelerating the development of AEMWE technology.

Graphical abstract