Watching live performances enhances subjective and physiological emotional responses compared to viewing the same performance on screen

Live performances are known to evoke stronger emotional and physiological responses compared to recorded versions. However, isolating the effect of the physical presence of performers from other environmental factors remains a challenge. This study investigates the specific emotional and physiological responses elicited by a live performance compared to its identical recorded version, projected in the same theater under controlled conditions. Twenty-seven participants (19 females, 8 males, aged 21–67) attended a 5-minute 30-second performance combining dance, singing, and guitar, presented either live or as a video projection. Both formats were viewed under identical spatial conditions, with the screen positioned where the live performance took place. The viewing order was counterbalanced. Participants all completed self-report questionnaires on emotional states before and after each version of the show. A subset of participants was equipped with EEG headsets, electrodermal activity sensors, and photoplethysmography devices. Self-reported data indicated significantly higher pleasure and wakefulness after the live performance compared to the recorded version, while both formats equally reduced anxiety levels. A significant correlation was found between participants' screen viewing habits and their emotional engagement, suggesting that frequent exposure to digital performances might dampen emotional sensitivity to live experiences. Physiological measures revealed distinct patterns: skin conductance response frequency increased significantly in the final segment of the live performance but not in the video condition, indicating higher emotional arousal. Heart rate increased with musical intensity in both conditions, while EEG data showed reduced arousal levels during the live performance, possibly reflecting deeper cognitive absorption. This study provides evidence that live performances elicit stronger emotional and physiological engagement compared to their recorded counterparts, even under identical viewing conditions. The findings highlight the unique impact of performer-audience interaction and suggest that digital media cannot fully replicate the emotional richness of live experiences. Future research should further explore the mechanisms underlying emotional transmission in virtual environments.