Fluidized Electrocatalysis: Fundamentals, Applications, and Perspectives

Electrocatalytic technology serves as a critical pathway for achieving efficient energy conversion and sustainable chemical synthesis. Fluidized electrocatalysis, an emerging paradigm in this field, uniquely suspends catalyst particles within the electrolyte to establish dynamic electrode–particle interactions. This innovative configuration overcomes the intrinsic mass transport limitations of a conventional catalyst-immobilized electrocatalysis system, substantially enhancing both reaction kinetics and active site utilization efficiency. The superior performance originates from the synergistic interplay between precisely controlled fluidized environment and catalytic materials with high specific surface areas, which collectively optimizes interfacial charge transfer and mass diffusion processes. Recent breakthroughs have demonstrated the practical viability of this approach across various electrochemical processes, including the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), electrochemical hydrogenation (ECH), and nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR). This review systematically examines fundamental mechanisms and cutting-edge applications while critically addressing current technical challenges. By synthesizing the latest research progress, we aim to establish theoretical frameworks and propose development trajectories to advance both fundamental understanding and practical implementation of the fluidized electrocatalysis system.