Jiefeng Zhu, Ruiqin Li, Ao Yu, Pei Deng, Sikuan Ren, Yulong Nie, Ruiyuan Li
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Pearson's correlation coefficients (r) were calculated to determine associations between balance types, and a one-way analysis of variance was used to evaluate differences across age groups (3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, and 5.5 years).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Small-sized correlations existed between four balance performance (-0.113 ≤ r ≤ 0.327, p < 0.01). Significant correlations were observed between static and dynamic steady-state balance (-0.207 ≤ r ≤ -0.359), static steady-state and proactive balance (+ 0.216 ≤ r ≤ + 0.510), and dynamic steady-state and proactive balance (-0.210 ≤ r ≤ -0.264) in most age groups. Age positively affected all balance tests: OST (η<sup>2</sup><sub>p</sub> = 0.336, p < 0.001), 10MWT (η<sup>2</sup><sub>p</sub> = 0.448, p < 0.001), FRT (η<sup>2</sup><sub>p</sub> = 0.392, p < 0.001), and PRT (η<sup>2</sup><sub>p</sub> = 0.045, p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Small-sized correlations suggest that balance performance is task-specific in preschool children. Balance ability improves gradually with age, showing different development patterns. These findings demonstrate that distinct balance types lack mutual predictability during early development. Therefore, comprehensive evaluation and enhancement of preschoolers' balance require separate assessment for each balance type and age-specific task design.</p>","PeriodicalId":48585,"journal":{"name":"BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation","volume":"17 1","pages":"230"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8000,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12335076/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Relationships between types of balance performance in 3-to-6-year-old preschoolers: a cross-sectional study.\",\"authors\":\"Jiefeng Zhu, Ruiqin Li, Ao Yu, Pei Deng, Sikuan Ren, Yulong Nie, Ruiyuan Li\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/s13102-025-01274-4\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Balance is often considered task-specific, as indicated by studies correlating several types of balance performance across age groups. 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Significant correlations were observed between static and dynamic steady-state balance (-0.207 ≤ r ≤ -0.359), static steady-state and proactive balance (+ 0.216 ≤ r ≤ + 0.510), and dynamic steady-state and proactive balance (-0.210 ≤ r ≤ -0.264) in most age groups. Age positively affected all balance tests: OST (η<sup>2</sup><sub>p</sub> = 0.336, p < 0.001), 10MWT (η<sup>2</sup><sub>p</sub> = 0.448, p < 0.001), FRT (η<sup>2</sup><sub>p</sub> = 0.392, p < 0.001), and PRT (η<sup>2</sup><sub>p</sub> = 0.045, p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Small-sized correlations suggest that balance performance is task-specific in preschool children. Balance ability improves gradually with age, showing different development patterns. These findings demonstrate that distinct balance types lack mutual predictability during early development. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
背景：平衡通常被认为是特定于任务的，正如研究表明的那样，不同年龄组的几种类型的平衡表现相关联。学龄前是平衡发展的关键时期，但这一阶段的综合数据仍然有限。因此，本研究旨在(1)探讨学龄前儿童平衡表现类型之间的关系；(2)研究学龄前儿童平衡表现的年龄特异性方面。方法：对619名3 ~ 6岁学龄前儿童进行静态稳态（单腿站立，OST）、动态稳态（10米步行，10MWT）、主动（功能到达测试，FRT）和反应性（推放测试，PRT）四种平衡类型的评估。计算Pearson相关系数(r)以确定平衡类型之间的关联，并使用单向方差分析来评估不同年龄组（3岁、3.5岁、4岁、4.5岁、5岁和5.5岁）之间的差异。结果：四项平衡表现存在小尺度相关性（-0.113≤r≤0.327,p 2p = 0.336, p 2p = 0.448, p 2p = 0.392, p 2p = 0.045, p）。结论：小尺度相关性提示学龄前儿童的平衡表现具有任务特异性。平衡能力随着年龄的增长逐渐提高，呈现出不同的发展模式。这些发现表明，不同的平衡类型在早期发育过程中缺乏相互的可预测性。因此，综合评价和提高学龄前儿童的平衡能力需要对每种平衡类型进行单独评估，并进行特定年龄的任务设计。
Relationships between types of balance performance in 3-to-6-year-old preschoolers: a cross-sectional study.
Background: Balance is often considered task-specific, as indicated by studies correlating several types of balance performance across age groups. Preschool years constitute a critical period for balance development, yet comprehensive data during this stage remain limited. Therefore, this study aimed to (1) investigate the association between types of balance performance in preschool children and (2) examine age-specific aspects of balance performance in preschoolers.
Methods: Four balance types were assessed in 619 preschoolers (aged 3 to 6 years): static steady-state (one-legged stance, OST), dynamic steady-state (10-meter walk, 10MWT), proactive (functional reach test, FRT), and reactive (push and release test, PRT). Pearson's correlation coefficients (r) were calculated to determine associations between balance types, and a one-way analysis of variance was used to evaluate differences across age groups (3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, and 5.5 years).
Results: Small-sized correlations existed between four balance performance (-0.113 ≤ r ≤ 0.327, p < 0.01). Significant correlations were observed between static and dynamic steady-state balance (-0.207 ≤ r ≤ -0.359), static steady-state and proactive balance (+ 0.216 ≤ r ≤ + 0.510), and dynamic steady-state and proactive balance (-0.210 ≤ r ≤ -0.264) in most age groups. Age positively affected all balance tests: OST (η2p = 0.336, p < 0.001), 10MWT (η2p = 0.448, p < 0.001), FRT (η2p = 0.392, p < 0.001), and PRT (η2p = 0.045, p < 0.001).
Conclusions: Small-sized correlations suggest that balance performance is task-specific in preschool children. Balance ability improves gradually with age, showing different development patterns. These findings demonstrate that distinct balance types lack mutual predictability during early development. Therefore, comprehensive evaluation and enhancement of preschoolers' balance require separate assessment for each balance type and age-specific task design.
期刊介绍：
BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation is an open access, peer reviewed journal that considers articles on all aspects of sports medicine and the exercise sciences, including rehabilitation, traumatology, cardiology, physiology, and nutrition.
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