{"title":"NHANES 2013-2016分析：美国成年人单一和组合溴化阻燃剂暴露与性类固醇激素相关","authors":"Guan Cheng, Jiahui Wen, Feng Zhang, Rui Qu, Zhimin Deng, Fangfang Dai, Yanfei Xiao, Mengyang Dai, Tailang Yin, Jie Yan, Yan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.reprotox.2025.109023","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are endocrine-disrupting contaminants; however, the impact of BFR mixtures on sex steroid hormone levels in adults remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study included 2513 male and female adults from the 2013-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Weighted linear regression was employed to examine the associations between individual BFR exposures and total testosterone(TT), estradiol(E2), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), free androgen index (FAI), and TT/E2. The generalized additive model (GAM) was used to explore the nonlinear associations between BFRs and sex steroid hormones. Additionally, weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression and Quantile G-computation (QGC) were applied to evaluate the overall effects of BFRs mixtures on these five sex hormone biomarkers and to identify key contributing chemicals. We also explored potential effect modifications by age, BMI and educational level.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>The weighted linear regression results indicated that, after adjusting for covariates, PBDE209 was significantly negatively associated with SHBG in males (β = -8.495, 95 % CI: -15.915, -1.073), while PBB153 and PBDE85 were negatively associated with female TT/E2 (β = -0.718, 95 % CI: -1.362, -0.075) and E2 (β = -2.910, 95 % CI: -5.126, -0.693), respectively. The Generalized Additive Model (GAM) revealed nonlinear associations between certain BFRs and TT, E2, FAI, and TT/E2 in both males and females. WQS regression analysis showed a significant negative association between the WQS index and male SHBG (β = -1.919, 95 % CI: -3.706, -0.133), which was consistent with the results from the weighted linear regression. However, no significant associations were observed between mixed BFR exposure and female sex hormone levels. Further confirmation of the WQS regression findings was provided by QGC analysis. Notably, PBDE209 was identified as the primary BFR influencing SHBG levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Exposure to mixed BFRs significantly affects SHBG levels in adult males, while no significant impact on sex steroid hormone levels was observed in adult females. Further studies are required to evaluate the potential long-term health consequences.</p>","PeriodicalId":21137,"journal":{"name":"Reproductive toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"109023"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8000,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Single and combined brominated flame retardants exposures are associated with sex steroid hormones in US adults: NHANES 2013-2016 analysis.\",\"authors\":\"Guan Cheng, Jiahui Wen, Feng Zhang, Rui Qu, Zhimin Deng, Fangfang Dai, Yanfei Xiao, Mengyang Dai, Tailang Yin, Jie Yan, Yan Zhang\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.reprotox.2025.109023\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are endocrine-disrupting contaminants; however, the impact of BFR mixtures on sex steroid hormone levels in adults remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study included 2513 male and female adults from the 2013-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Weighted linear regression was employed to examine the associations between individual BFR exposures and total testosterone(TT), estradiol(E2), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), free androgen index (FAI), and TT/E2. The generalized additive model (GAM) was used to explore the nonlinear associations between BFRs and sex steroid hormones. Additionally, weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression and Quantile G-computation (QGC) were applied to evaluate the overall effects of BFRs mixtures on these five sex hormone biomarkers and to identify key contributing chemicals. We also explored potential effect modifications by age, BMI and educational level.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>The weighted linear regression results indicated that, after adjusting for covariates, PBDE209 was significantly negatively associated with SHBG in males (β = -8.495, 95 % CI: -15.915, -1.073), while PBB153 and PBDE85 were negatively associated with female TT/E2 (β = -0.718, 95 % CI: -1.362, -0.075) and E2 (β = -2.910, 95 % CI: -5.126, -0.693), respectively. The Generalized Additive Model (GAM) revealed nonlinear associations between certain BFRs and TT, E2, FAI, and TT/E2 in both males and females. WQS regression analysis showed a significant negative association between the WQS index and male SHBG (β = -1.919, 95 % CI: -3.706, -0.133), which was consistent with the results from the weighted linear regression. However, no significant associations were observed between mixed BFR exposure and female sex hormone levels. Further confirmation of the WQS regression findings was provided by QGC analysis. Notably, PBDE209 was identified as the primary BFR influencing SHBG levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Exposure to mixed BFRs significantly affects SHBG levels in adult males, while no significant impact on sex steroid hormone levels was observed in adult females. Further studies are required to evaluate the potential long-term health consequences.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":21137,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Reproductive toxicology\",\"volume\":\" \",\"pages\":\"109023\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.8000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-10-01\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Reproductive toxicology\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"3\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2025.109023\",\"RegionNum\":4,\"RegionCategory\":\"医学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"2025/8/6 0:00:00\",\"PubModel\":\"Epub\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Reproductive toxicology","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2025.109023","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/8/6 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
Single and combined brominated flame retardants exposures are associated with sex steroid hormones in US adults: NHANES 2013-2016 analysis.
Background: Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are endocrine-disrupting contaminants; however, the impact of BFR mixtures on sex steroid hormone levels in adults remains unclear.
Methods: This study included 2513 male and female adults from the 2013-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Weighted linear regression was employed to examine the associations between individual BFR exposures and total testosterone(TT), estradiol(E2), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), free androgen index (FAI), and TT/E2. The generalized additive model (GAM) was used to explore the nonlinear associations between BFRs and sex steroid hormones. Additionally, weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression and Quantile G-computation (QGC) were applied to evaluate the overall effects of BFRs mixtures on these five sex hormone biomarkers and to identify key contributing chemicals. We also explored potential effect modifications by age, BMI and educational level.
Result: The weighted linear regression results indicated that, after adjusting for covariates, PBDE209 was significantly negatively associated with SHBG in males (β = -8.495, 95 % CI: -15.915, -1.073), while PBB153 and PBDE85 were negatively associated with female TT/E2 (β = -0.718, 95 % CI: -1.362, -0.075) and E2 (β = -2.910, 95 % CI: -5.126, -0.693), respectively. The Generalized Additive Model (GAM) revealed nonlinear associations between certain BFRs and TT, E2, FAI, and TT/E2 in both males and females. WQS regression analysis showed a significant negative association between the WQS index and male SHBG (β = -1.919, 95 % CI: -3.706, -0.133), which was consistent with the results from the weighted linear regression. However, no significant associations were observed between mixed BFR exposure and female sex hormone levels. Further confirmation of the WQS regression findings was provided by QGC analysis. Notably, PBDE209 was identified as the primary BFR influencing SHBG levels.
Conclusion: Exposure to mixed BFRs significantly affects SHBG levels in adult males, while no significant impact on sex steroid hormone levels was observed in adult females. Further studies are required to evaluate the potential long-term health consequences.
期刊介绍：
Drawing from a large number of disciplines, Reproductive Toxicology publishes timely, original research on the influence of chemical and physical agents on reproduction. Written by and for obstetricians, pediatricians, embryologists, teratologists, geneticists, toxicologists, andrologists, and others interested in detecting potential reproductive hazards, the journal is a forum for communication among researchers and practitioners. Articles focus on the application of in vitro, animal and clinical research to the practice of clinical medicine.
All aspects of reproduction are within the scope of Reproductive Toxicology, including the formation and maturation of male and female gametes, sexual function, the events surrounding the fusion of gametes and the development of the fertilized ovum, nourishment and transport of the conceptus within the genital tract, implantation, embryogenesis, intrauterine growth, placentation and placental function, parturition, lactation and neonatal survival. Adverse reproductive effects in males will be considered as significant as adverse effects occurring in females. To provide a balanced presentation of approaches, equal emphasis will be given to clinical and animal or in vitro work. Typical end points that will be studied by contributors include infertility, sexual dysfunction, spontaneous abortion, malformations, abnormal histogenesis, stillbirth, intrauterine growth retardation, prematurity, behavioral abnormalities, and perinatal mortality.
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号
