Membrane-associated glycoconjugates in parasitic protozoa: The central role of lipophosphoglycan in Leishmania.

A key event in Leishmania pathogenesis is the interaction between parasite surface molecules and host immune cells. Among these, lipophosphoglycan (LPG), the dominant surface glycoconjugate of Leishmania promastigotes, plays a central role in establishing infection and evading immune responses. Beyond mediating adhesion and protection, LPG actively modulates host membrane receptors and intracellular signaling pathways. This chapter explores the multifaceted strategies by which LPG alters host cell membrane organization to promote parasite survival. By engaging various surface receptors, LPG facilitates parasite uptake while simultaneously inhibiting classical activation pathways. It redirects intracellular signaling toward anti-inflammatory responses, suppressing the production of key molecules required for parasite elimination. Unraveling these interactions provides critical insight into the mechanisms of immune evasion and persistent infection, and opens new avenues for therapeutic intervention.