Hormesis and brain metabolism in aging and neurodegeneration.

This chapter explores sex-specific differences in brain development and hormones' critical role throughout life. Understanding these variabilities is vital for mental health, particularly concerning stress responses, aging, and the risk of neurodegenerative and cardiometabolic diseases. We examine the biological mechanisms involved, highlighting how hormones affect brain formation, neuronal plasticity, and stress responses, focusing on male and female variations. Research from animal studies and human data shows that males and females have distinct susceptibilities to diseases influenced by sex-specific hormonal effects on genes, cellular functions, and energy metabolism. Additionally, we examine the role of glucocorticoids in these diseases, considering their sex-specific effects on normal and dysfunctional physiological processes. A closer look at hormonal transition periods-such as early childhood, puberty, and menopause-emphasizes the need for sex-specific strategies in research and treatment. Overall, this chapter underscores the importance of understanding the interplay between biological sex, hormonal changes, and environmental stressors throughout life, as these factors significantly impact the onset and progression of various health conditions. Tailored approaches in health research and treatment are advocated to better address these differences.