{"title":"水介质中非热等离子体功能化膨胀石墨用于改进碳基超级电容器","authors":"K.D. Mannrich , C.R. Vanoni , A.M. Ferraria , A.M.B. Rego , S. Pessanha , S. Sério , C.L. Jost , N.A. Debacher","doi":"10.1016/j.apsusc.2025.164184","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Supercapacitors are the next generation of energy storage, bringing high performance and different mechanisms of action. One of the types of supercapacitors are the electric double layer capacitor (EDLC), which can be obtained in carbon materials with some degree of functionalization. One of the different methods of functionalization of hydrophobic carbon-based materials, such as graphite, graphene and nanotubes, is the non-thermal plasma technique. The functionalization occurs based on the interaction of the species produced by plasma with the carbon surface. In aqueous media, hydroxyl radicals are formed in addition to the ionized species from the plasma working gas. These species can be simultaneously inserted in the carbon lattice increasing hydrophilicity with relatively low energy consumption. In this study, expanded graphite (EG) was exposed to non-thermal plasma (NTP) in aqueous media (EGW) and in a 0.1 M nitric acidic media (EGN). Morphological and structural analyses were performed to characterize the samples and subsequently, electrochemical characterization for supercapacitor electrode application was carried out. The Raman analysis showed that EGW have the higher I<sub>D</sub>/I<sub>G</sub> and the lowest I<sub>2D</sub>/I<sub>G</sub> showing that there is an increase of sp3 carbon and an increasing thickness as for EGN. The XPS revealed that EGW has more oxygen content than EG, still maintaining a high degree of graphitization, and with the cyclic voltammetry it was possible to determinate that EGW has the higher specific capacitance, namely an increase of 15%. This result shows that the plasma treatment in aqueous medium is the more efficient for functionalization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":247,"journal":{"name":"Applied Surface Science","volume":"713 ","pages":"Article 164184"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9000,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Expanded graphite functionalized by non-thermal plasma in aqueous medium applied to improve carbon-based supercapacitors\",\"authors\":\"K.D. Mannrich , C.R. Vanoni , A.M. Ferraria , A.M.B. Rego , S. Pessanha , S. Sério , C.L. Jost , N.A. Debacher\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.apsusc.2025.164184\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><div>Supercapacitors are the next generation of energy storage, bringing high performance and different mechanisms of action. One of the types of supercapacitors are the electric double layer capacitor (EDLC), which can be obtained in carbon materials with some degree of functionalization. One of the different methods of functionalization of hydrophobic carbon-based materials, such as graphite, graphene and nanotubes, is the non-thermal plasma technique. The functionalization occurs based on the interaction of the species produced by plasma with the carbon surface. In aqueous media, hydroxyl radicals are formed in addition to the ionized species from the plasma working gas. These species can be simultaneously inserted in the carbon lattice increasing hydrophilicity with relatively low energy consumption. In this study, expanded graphite (EG) was exposed to non-thermal plasma (NTP) in aqueous media (EGW) and in a 0.1 M nitric acidic media (EGN). Morphological and structural analyses were performed to characterize the samples and subsequently, electrochemical characterization for supercapacitor electrode application was carried out. The Raman analysis showed that EGW have the higher I<sub>D</sub>/I<sub>G</sub> and the lowest I<sub>2D</sub>/I<sub>G</sub> showing that there is an increase of sp3 carbon and an increasing thickness as for EGN. The XPS revealed that EGW has more oxygen content than EG, still maintaining a high degree of graphitization, and with the cyclic voltammetry it was possible to determinate that EGW has the higher specific capacitance, namely an increase of 15%. This result shows that the plasma treatment in aqueous medium is the more efficient for functionalization.</div></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":247,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Applied Surface Science\",\"volume\":\"713 \",\"pages\":\"Article 164184\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":6.9000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-08-06\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Applied Surface Science\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"88\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169433225018999\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"材料科学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Applied Surface Science","FirstCategoryId":"88","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169433225018999","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
Expanded graphite functionalized by non-thermal plasma in aqueous medium applied to improve carbon-based supercapacitors
Supercapacitors are the next generation of energy storage, bringing high performance and different mechanisms of action. One of the types of supercapacitors are the electric double layer capacitor (EDLC), which can be obtained in carbon materials with some degree of functionalization. One of the different methods of functionalization of hydrophobic carbon-based materials, such as graphite, graphene and nanotubes, is the non-thermal plasma technique. The functionalization occurs based on the interaction of the species produced by plasma with the carbon surface. In aqueous media, hydroxyl radicals are formed in addition to the ionized species from the plasma working gas. These species can be simultaneously inserted in the carbon lattice increasing hydrophilicity with relatively low energy consumption. In this study, expanded graphite (EG) was exposed to non-thermal plasma (NTP) in aqueous media (EGW) and in a 0.1 M nitric acidic media (EGN). Morphological and structural analyses were performed to characterize the samples and subsequently, electrochemical characterization for supercapacitor electrode application was carried out. The Raman analysis showed that EGW have the higher ID/IG and the lowest I2D/IG showing that there is an increase of sp3 carbon and an increasing thickness as for EGN. The XPS revealed that EGW has more oxygen content than EG, still maintaining a high degree of graphitization, and with the cyclic voltammetry it was possible to determinate that EGW has the higher specific capacitance, namely an increase of 15%. This result shows that the plasma treatment in aqueous medium is the more efficient for functionalization.
期刊介绍:
Applied Surface Science covers topics contributing to a better understanding of surfaces, interfaces, nanostructures and their applications. The journal is concerned with scientific research on the atomic and molecular level of material properties determined with specific surface analytical techniques and/or computational methods, as well as the processing of such structures.