Policy, Profession, and Gender: How Nightingale's Reforms Elevated Nursing and Marginalized Male Nurses.

Florence Nightingale's mid-19^th-century reforms-especially her emphasis on sanitation, holistic patient care, and empirical data-catalyzed the transformation of nursing from an unregulated, low-status occupation into a respected, professional field. American institutions rapidly adopted her model, establishing standardized training programs followed by state licensure. Yet, by framing nursing around traits traditionally coded as feminine (compassion, nurturing, moral duty), these reforms inadvertently excluded men, who had historically provided significant direct patient care in military, psychiatric, and community settings. This article employs a critical gender-theoretical lens-integrating feminist standpoint theory and Foucauldian analyses of power/knowledge-to explore how Nightingale's legacy simultaneously elevated the nursing profession and entrenched enduring gendered hierarchies. The article examines specific policies shaped by Nightingale's model, such as state nurse-registration laws, military nursing corps restrictions, and early American Nurses Association (ANA) bylaws, demonstrating how institutionalized gender norms marginalized male practitioners. It asserts that while Nightingale deserves acclaim for professionalizing nursing, the discipline must also reckon with her legacy's exclusionary effects. Finally, the article proposes concrete strategies to deconstruct persistent gender biases and foster a more inclusive nursing profession.