Development of an undergraduate otorhinolaryngology simulation education and human factors module: its impact on students' attitudes and perceptions.

Objectives: To evaluate the impact of a two-week otolaryngology rotation incorporating entrustable professional activities, human factors and simulation on medical students' knowledge, perceptions and career aspirations.

Methods: The curriculum included six small-group sessions on compassion, communication, resilience, teamwork and professionalism, and three simulations: suturing, flexible nasendoscopy and grommet insertion. These were delivered alongside standard teaching. Pre- and post-rotation questionnaires assessed otolaryngology knowledge, career interest, surgical confidence and attitudes toward simulation and human factors.

Results: While students' interest in surgical careers remained unchanged, they reported improved comfort with otolaryngology knowledge, operating theatre environments and recognition of non-technical skills. Perceptions of simulation and essential surgeon qualities significantly improved.

Conclusion: Integrating entrustable professional activities, human factors education and simulation into short surgical rotations enhances both technical and non-technical skills. This approach may help address challenges in attracting students to surgery by enriching their educational experience and building confidence.