Progress in Lipid Droplet Simulations: How Polarizability Shapes Triacylglycerol Behavior in Bulk and Interfacial Environments

Triacylglycerols (TG) are the primary neutral lipids in lipid droplets (LDs), organelles responsible for lipid storage, metabolism, and signaling. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have provided valuable insight into LD structure, but fixed-charge force fields struggle to capture TG behavior across both hydrophobic cores and polar interfaces. Here, we develop and evaluate a polarizable TG model using the Drude2023 lipid force field and benchmark its performance against experimental measurements of bulk density, TG–water interfacial tension, core hydration, and monolayer expansion. The Drude model accurately reproduces the experimental properties and captures key monolayer features such as surface-oriented TGs (SURF-TGs) and chemically distinct membrane packing defects. Compared to fixed-charge models such as C36-standard and C36-cutoff, the Drude polarizable model is the only force field able to capture the dual nature of TG at polar–nonpolar interfaces like the LD monolayer and more homogeneous hydrophobic environments, like the LD core. However, C36-standard is consistent with the Drude results for the LD monolayer, while C36-cutoff is consistent with the decreased hydration in the LD core. Even with large applied surface tensions, C36-cutoff does not produce Drude-like LD monolayer properties. These results highlight the importance of dynamic polarizability and establish Drude2023 as a more reliable framework for simulating TG in heterogeneous systems like LDs.