International Overview on Diagnosis and Treatment of Nocturnal Enuresis: A Survey Study by EAU YAU Paediatric Urology Working Group.

Objective: This study assessed global diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to nocturnal enuresis (NE), highlighting current practices and variations.

Materials and methods: An 18-question survey by the European Association of Urology (EAU) Young Academic Urologist (YAU) Paediatric Urology Working Group targeted clinicians managing NE. Distributed online, it reached Urologists, Pediatric Urologists, Pediatricians, Nephrologists, and Urotherapists. The survey collected demographic data and details on diagnostic and treatment practices. Responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Results: Most respondents worked in university or government hospitals, with pediatric urologists forming the largest group (43.6%). A significant portion had 11-20 years of NE management experience. Initial treatment favored behavioral strategies and urotherapy (84.5%), with desmopressin as a common first-line medication (23.8%). Most clinicians initiated treatment at ages 5-6. Bladder diaries were widely used (82.0%), while airway assessments were inconsistent (52.1%). Diagnostic test usage varied, with urinary tract ultrasonography (53.65%) and urinalysis (51.5%) employed to identify underlying abnormalities. Psychological referrals were common for secondary enuresis (58.9%).

Conclusion: NE management varies globally due to regional practices, clinician experience, and specialty focus. The findings emphasize the need for standardized guidelines and education on comprehensive assessments, including sleep-related factors. International collaboration and guideline development could enhance consistency and improve patient outcomes.