Advancements in drug delivery systems for women’s reproductive health: Vaginal microbiome as a target for innovative drug delivery systems

The vaginal microbiome, predominantly made up of Lactobacillus spp., plays a pivotal role in women’s reproductive health, especially in dysbiosis associated with various gynecological disorders. In this comprehensive review, we discussed the current advancements in drug delivery systems targeting the vaginal microbiome, the limitations of traditional approaches, as well as explored innovative strategies in drug delivery with the vaginal microbiome as the focal point. The composition and functions of the vaginal microbiome were critically evaluated, emphasizing its significance in maintaining reproductive health. Conventional drug delivery methods, including oral, parenteral, and topical routes are faced with pharmacokinetic challenges such as poor bioavailability and limited targeted delivery. The emergence of vaginal drug delivery systems such as gels, films, rings, nanoparticulate formulations and electrospun fibers show the potential to enhance therapeutic efficacy through localized and sustained drug release. We highlighted the findings on crucial formulation considerations including physicochemical properties of drugs, excipient selection, and targeting strategies. Furthermore, we analyzed pre-clinical studies utilizing in vitro models including organ-on-a-chip and cell cultures, as well as in vivo animal models to assess the safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of these innovative systems. Additionally, the review revealed that cutting-edge technologies such as electrospun fibers and 3D bioprinted scaffolds show promise for precise control over drug release kinetics and probiotic delivery. Future directions should focus on personalized approaches, ethical considerations, and patient education to fully leverage these technologies for improving women’s reproductive health outcomes globally.