Alginate-based edible films/coatings/nanofibers in food packaging: A comprehensive review of recent advances

Alginate (ALG), a biopolymer derived from brown algae, has emerged as a promising alternative to traditional plastic-based food packaging materials. When combined with bioactive materials, ALG-based films (AbFs) can offer additional functionalities, e.g., antimicrobial properties, oxygen scavenging, and pH responsiveness, making them suitable for active and intelligent packaging applications. These innovations can extend food shelf life, improve safety, and enhance quality. However, plain AbFs have drawbacks like brittleness, high moisture permeability, and poor thermal stability. Researchers are exploring strategies to improve AbF properties and expand their applications. One approach involves reinforcing AbFs with nanomaterials, which can improve their mechanical strength and barrier properties. Additionally, blending ALG with other biopolymers can lead to synergistic effects, enhancing film flexibility and durability. Furthermore, incorporation of plasticizers, hydrophobic components, or antimicrobial agents can modify the structure of AbFs, improving their performance in specific applications. This comprehensive review evaluates the functional properties and shortcomings of edible AbFs, providing insights into the diverse strategies and components utilized to enhance their properties. Moreover, it discusses the potential applications of these improved AbFs in food packaging, highlighting their role in promoting sustainability and increasing the shelf life of real samples.