Anisotropic photodetection in borophene: exploiting directional optical responses for next-generation polarization-sensitive devices

Borophene, a rapidly emerging two-dimensional (2D) boron allotrope, has garnered significant attention owing to its inherent anisotropic structural, electronic, and optical properties, positioning it as an ideal material for polarization-sensitive photodetection. This review thoroughly explores the foundational aspects underpinning borophene's directional optical behaviors, closely tied to its distinct lattice architecture and anisotropic electronic attributes. Advanced synthesis methods, particularly molecular beam epitaxy and chemical vapor deposition are critically analyzed, emphasizing structural precision to optimize anisotropic characteristics. Additionally, recent advancements in device engineering are discussed, highlighting pioneering strategies in electrode configuration, interface tailoring, heterostructure integration, plasmonic enhancement, and strain modulation, all aimed at improving polarization selectivity, device responsivity, and spectral sensitivity. Significant experimental breakthroughs showcasing remarkable anisotropic photodetection capabilities spanning broadband spectral ranges are extensively evaluated. The review concludes by outlining ongoing challenges, potential research pathways, and innovative opportunities, notably emphasizing the integration of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI). Leveraging these computational techniques is anticipated to accelerate the advancement and fine-tuning of future borophene-based photodetectors. This review provides insights for researchers to harness borophene's anisotropic properties, accelerating advancements in polarization imaging, flexible optoelectronics, and adaptive sensing technology applications.