Recent advances in biosensors: structure, principles, classification, and application in bio-manufacturing

Bio-manufacturing, as a frontier field of the new round of global scientific and technological revolution and industrial change, is becoming a core driving force for the future development of the bioeconomy. However, the bio-manufacturing process itself contains complex metabolic mechanisms and fine process control, which undoubtedly increases its technical difficulty. Especially at a time when the field of intelligent bio-manufacturing is developing rapidly, more stringent requirements have been placed on the ability to sense key biochemical information during the bio-manufacturing process. Biosensors based on biomolecular recognition provide powerful technical support for real time monitoring and precise control of key biochemical information that can rapidly sense the production process, and their applications have made remarkable progress. This article reviews the structure, classification, and working principle of biosensors and discusses their applications in bio-manufacturing, such as real-time monitoring of key biochemical parameters, intracellular and extracellular metabolite concentrations, and high-throughput screening for precise control and optimization of bioprocesses. The article also analyses the challenges facing biosensors, including the need for stability and reliability enhancements, and future directions. Researchers are developing new biometric components and sensor materials with advanced signal conversion techniques, while microelectronics and nanotechnology are driving the miniaturization and integration of sensors. These advances are expected to make biosensors more useful in microbial fermentation and biotechnology.