Supervised toothbrushing programs: evaluating impact, barriers, and facilitators - a mixed-method umbrella review.

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of supervised toothbrushing programs in improving oral health outcomes among children and adolescents aged 3 to 18 years and to explore stakeholders' perceptions in implementing and sustaining tooth brushing programs.

Methods: This mixed-method umbrella review followed JBI methodology and PRISMA guidelines. A systematic search was conducted across databases including MEDLINE, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, Epistemonikos, ProQuest, and Google Scholar. A total of 159 articles were identified, and after screening, three systematic reviews met the inclusion criteria. The quantitative and qualitative findings were synthesized using a convergent segregated approach. The Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) was applied to map barriers and facilitators influencing program adoption and sustainability.

Results: The quantitative synthesis included one systematic review with four included trials, two of which found statistically significant reductions in dental caries with supervised toothbrushing. The qualitative synthesis (two mixed-method systematic reviews) revealed key facilitators and barriers. The most prominent enablers and barriers identified across these reviews were knowledge about oral health/tooth brushing, social influences, and environmental context and resources. Specifically, the knowledge domain received 32 enabler responses and 25 barrier responses, underscoring the importance of understanding oral health practices to improve toothbrushing behavior. Social support garnered 35 enabler responses and 26 barrier responses, highlighting the role of a supportive environment in enhancing adherence to toothbrushing routines.

Conclusion: This review highlights the effectiveness of supervised toothbrushing programs in reducing dental caries. The qualitative synthesis, guided by the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF), identifies key barriers and facilitators, including knowledge gaps, environmental constraints, social influences, and behavioural regulation factors.