The role of urinary biomarkers in the diagnosis, prognosis and pathophysiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) poses a significant clinical challenge due to its increasing incidence, diagnostic complexities and pathophysiological heterogeneity. This study offers valuable insights into the role of urinary biomarkers in patients with HFpEF. Our research focused on profiling alterations in urinary biomarkers, encompassing albumin, indicators of tubular injury, oxidative stress markers, and proteomic changes in individuals with this condition. These findings may provide a potential tool for addressing the diagnostic challenges associated with HFpEF, particularly given the absence of specific cutoff points in the diagnosis of this disease. Furthermore, we explored the potential pathophysiological relationships of these biomarkers, which, in a broader context, facilitate a deeper understanding of this complex disease and may identify potential pharmacotherapeutic targets. We also examined the prognostic value of the identified biomarkers, which could serve as useful instruments for predicting disease risk and forecasting clinical outcomes. Additionally, we emphasized the existing knowledge surrounding potential biomarkers, suggesting that a better understanding of these markers may contribute to the development of clinically relevant tools and enhance our comprehension of HFpEF. The findings from this study align with the current literature, which underscores the complexity of HFpEF and the need for innovative diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic strategies.