Theory, innovations and applications of stimulated Raman scattering microscopy

Since its advent around 17 years ago, stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy has emerged as a transformative imaging modality. By visualizing chemical bonds with high sensitivity, speed, specificity and resolution, it has revolutionized our ability to probe chemical structures and dynamics in diverse biological and material systems. In this Review we first provide a comprehensive overview of the theoretical foundations of SRS spectroscopy and microscopy. We then scrutinize recent technical advancements, including various innovations in photonics technology, data science implementation and the development of imaging probes. We also highlight diverse applications of SRS microscopy including single-cell metabolism, pharmaceutical research, super-multiplex imaging and profiling, stimulated Raman histology and materials imaging in energy and environmental science. Finally, we present a perspective and future directions. This Review underscores the profound impact of SRS microscopy on interdisciplinary research and its potential for continued innovation in the imaging sciences. This Review provides an overview of the theoretical foundations, recent advances and promising applications of Raman scattering microscopy.