Flavonoid-rich Deverra tortuosa extract mitigates ethanol-induced gastritis via modulation of cytokine networks, oxidative pathways, and mucosal immunotoxicity

Gastric ulcers are a major gastrointestinal disorder influenced by environmental and lifestyle factors, warranting for the discovery of effective therapeutic alternatives. Deverra tortuosa (Desf.) DC., a traditional medicinal plant, has demonstrated potential gastroprotective properties. This study assesses the anti-ulcerative effects of phenolic-rich ethanolic extract of D. tortuosa (DT-ETOH) against ethanol-induced gastritis in rats, alongside its underlying mechanisms of action. Comprehensive metabolites profiling via UHPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS/MS identified 35 bioactive compounds, primarily flavonoids and phenolic acids, along with coumarins, sterols, and fatty acids. Oral administration of DT-ETOH significantly mitigated gastric ulceration by reducing the ulcer index and oxidative stress markers, enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD, GSH), and modulating key inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-6). Notably, DT-ETOH administration led to the upregulation of Keap-1 and HO-1 expression, increased iKba levels, and suppression of iNOS, indicating its role in oxidative stress regulation and inflammation suppression. Histopathological findings further confirmed the protective effects of DT-ETOH, demonstrating improved gastric mucosal integrity. These results provide evidence of DT-ETOH's gastroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, supporting its potential as a natural agent for gastric ulcer management.