Perovskite solar modules with high efficiency exceeding 20%: From laboratory to industrial community

Perovskite solar cells/modules (PSCs/PSMs) have made significant advancements in both academic and industrial communities over the past decade due to their high efficiency, facile fabrication, low cost, and compatibility with tandem devices. To date, the record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSMs has primarily been achieved using the spin-coating method, combined with n-i-p and/or p-i-n configuration in laboratory-scale devices. By contrast, the slot-die coating method is widely used in the industrial community for manufacturing PSMs, typically with a p-i-n structure. One of the key challenges faced by researchers is transitioning this laboratory technique into industrial-scale production. In this review, we provide an overview of the current developments in PSMs, with efficiencies exceeding 20%, in both academic and industrial communities. We discuss various aspects such as device configurations, manufacturing techniques, module sizes, and commercialization process. Additionally, we outline the challenges faced by PSMs as they transition from laboratory research to industrial application and offer perspectives on bridging the efficiency gap between these these two cases.