The effect of Fe3O4 biosynthesized through the green synthesis of Silybum marianum and HA in the targeted delivery of 5-Fluorouracil to HCT116 cell line.

Background and objectives: The administration of 5-FU as the first chemotherapeutic agent for colorectal cancer, showed difficulties including short half-life and the development of resistance. One prominent approach to overcome these restrictions, is administration of 5-FU in conjunction with nanoparticles, particularly magnetic nanoparticles. In this study, Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were prepared by the green synthesis and coated with polylactic acid-hyaluronic acid (PLA-HA) copolymer. Then, the HCT116 colorectal cancer cell line was used to assess the cytotoxicity and effectiveness of PLA/Fe₃O₄ and PLA-HA/Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles for the delivery of 5-FU medication.

Methods: The characteristics of these copolymers were investigated by ¹H-NMR, FTIR and Thermogravimetric analysis. The nanoparticles were prepared using solvent diffusion technique and then characterized with different techniques like dynamic light scattering (DLS), TEM images, FTIR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and VSM (Vibrational Sample Magnetometer). Ultimately, an assessment of drug encapsulation efficacy, the release profile and an in vitro analysis of cytotoxicity were performed to investigate the efficacy of drug delivery to HCT116 cells.

Results: The results of NMR, FTIR and TGA analysis confirmed the successful synthesis of copolymers. A zeta potential of -18 mV and a spherical shape with an average size of 235 nm were characteristics of the synthesized PLA-HA/Fe₃O₄/5-FU nanoparticles. The encapsulation of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles in PLA-HA copolymer decreased their magnetic saturation, and VSM analysis showed that the nanoparticles possessed superparamagnetic properties. Additionally, the 5-FU encapsulation efficiency was 42%, and it demonstrated a burst and sustained release pattern. It was discovered that the acidic pH was more effective. The MTT assay proved the low toxicity and biocompatibility of drug-free nanocarriers'. Remarkably, compared to PLA/Fe₃O₄/5-FU micelles, the viability of HCT116 cells was found to be significantly reduced by PLA-HA/Fe₃O₄/5-FU micelles. This phenomenon can be explained by the unique way that hyaluronic acid interacts with overex CD44 receptors.

Conclusion: One potential strategy for targeted drug delivery and HCT116 cell line control is to encapsulate 5-FU in magnetite nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄) made by the green synthesis method and use HA as cell-surface receptors to create PLA-HA/Fe₃O₄/5-FU nanoparticles. Nanocarriers favorable physicochemical characteristics and potent apoptotic effects make them promising agents for precisely delivering drugs to colon cancer cells.

Highlights: • Drug delivery efficiency is significantly improved while utilizing different ligands are functionalized on the surface of nanoparticles. • Encapsulation of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles into the PLA-HA/Fe₃O₄/5-FU micelles and PLA-HA/Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles leads to the production of nanoparticles or micelles with appropriate magnetic properties. • Acidic environments cause more drug release than neutral ones, and since cancer cells have a lower pH than healthy cells, this can cause less drug release in healthy cells and ultimately fewer negative effects on healthy cells.