{"title":"SPECTRUM1k - 75 μm像素间距IC与像素内直方图用于x射线彩色成像","authors":"P. Kmon;R. Kleczek;R. Szczygiel;G. Wegrzyn","doi":"10.1109/TCSII.2025.3579856","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"A new single photon-counting IC prototype called SPECTRUM1k with pixel matrix <inline-formula> <tex-math>$40\\times 24$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and pixel pitch <inline-formula> <tex-math>$75~\\mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m is developed by the Microelectronics Group of the AGH University of Krakow as a solution for X-ray color imaging. The chip, produced in CMOS 40nm technology, is made up of 960 individually configured pixels, each composed of an amplifier, an analog-to-digital converter, and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$64\\times 12$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-bit memory cells that allow one to perform in-pixel energy histogramming. Thanks to the proposed architecture working with the 200 MHz chip clock and 1 Gcps/mm2 multi energy photon intensities up-to about 23 ms exposition time is feasible (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$365~\\mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s exposition time whenever monoenergetic photons are used only). In-pixel offsets (<inline-formula> <tex-math>${=} 3.5$ </tex-math></inline-formula>%) and gain (<inline-formula> <tex-math>${=} 5.8$ </tex-math></inline-formula>%) spread, the amplifier performance (Equivalent Noise Charge <inline-formula> <tex-math>${=} 95$ </tex-math></inline-formula> e-RMS) and the ADC resolution (Effective Number of Bits <inline-formula> <tex-math>${=} 5.4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> b) allow to convert the incoming photons’ energy with FWHM <inline-formula> <tex-math>${=} 3.7$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ke @134.2 keV upon <inline-formula> <tex-math>$81~\\mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>W or <inline-formula> <tex-math>$48~\\mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>W per pixel power consumption. In this publication, we present a description of the ASIC’s architecture as well as characterization results. The threshold dispersions, gain spread as well as noise and energy measurement performance of the SPECTRUM1k are presented.","PeriodicalId":13101,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","volume":"72 8","pages":"1003-1007"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9000,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11046196","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"SPECTRUM1k – 75 μm Pixels Pitch IC With In-Pixel Histogramming for X-Ray Color Imaging\",\"authors\":\"P. Kmon;R. Kleczek;R. Szczygiel;G. 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Thanks to the proposed architecture working with the 200 MHz chip clock and 1 Gcps/mm2 multi energy photon intensities up-to about 23 ms exposition time is feasible (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$365~\\\\mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s exposition time whenever monoenergetic photons are used only). In-pixel offsets (<inline-formula> <tex-math>${=} 3.5$ </tex-math></inline-formula>%) and gain (<inline-formula> <tex-math>${=} 5.8$ </tex-math></inline-formula>%) spread, the amplifier performance (Equivalent Noise Charge <inline-formula> <tex-math>${=} 95$ </tex-math></inline-formula> e-RMS) and the ADC resolution (Effective Number of Bits <inline-formula> <tex-math>${=} 5.4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> b) allow to convert the incoming photons’ energy with FWHM <inline-formula> <tex-math>${=} 3.7$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ke @134.2 keV upon <inline-formula> <tex-math>$81~\\\\mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>W or <inline-formula> <tex-math>$48~\\\\mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>W per pixel power consumption. In this publication, we present a description of the ASIC’s architecture as well as characterization results. 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SPECTRUM1k – 75 μm Pixels Pitch IC With In-Pixel Histogramming for X-Ray Color Imaging
A new single photon-counting IC prototype called SPECTRUM1k with pixel matrix $40\times 24$ and pixel pitch $75~\mu $ m is developed by the Microelectronics Group of the AGH University of Krakow as a solution for X-ray color imaging. The chip, produced in CMOS 40nm technology, is made up of 960 individually configured pixels, each composed of an amplifier, an analog-to-digital converter, and $64\times 12$ -bit memory cells that allow one to perform in-pixel energy histogramming. Thanks to the proposed architecture working with the 200 MHz chip clock and 1 Gcps/mm2 multi energy photon intensities up-to about 23 ms exposition time is feasible ($365~\mu $ s exposition time whenever monoenergetic photons are used only). In-pixel offsets (${=} 3.5$ %) and gain (${=} 5.8$ %) spread, the amplifier performance (Equivalent Noise Charge ${=} 95$ e-RMS) and the ADC resolution (Effective Number of Bits ${=} 5.4$ b) allow to convert the incoming photons’ energy with FWHM ${=} 3.7$ ke @134.2 keV upon $81~\mu $ W or $48~\mu $ W per pixel power consumption. In this publication, we present a description of the ASIC’s architecture as well as characterization results. The threshold dispersions, gain spread as well as noise and energy measurement performance of the SPECTRUM1k are presented.
期刊介绍:
TCAS II publishes brief papers in the field specified by the theory, analysis, design, and practical implementations of circuits, and the application of circuit techniques to systems and to signal processing. Included is the whole spectrum from basic scientific theory to industrial applications. The field of interest covered includes:
Circuits: Analog, Digital and Mixed Signal Circuits and Systems
Nonlinear Circuits and Systems, Integrated Sensors, MEMS and Systems on Chip, Nanoscale Circuits and Systems, Optoelectronic
Circuits and Systems, Power Electronics and Systems
Software for Analog-and-Logic Circuits and Systems
Control aspects of Circuits and Systems.