Nanoemulsions as advanced delivery systems of bioactive compounds for sustainable food preservation applications

Nanoemulsions have emerged as advanced delivery systems for bioactive compounds, offering significant potential in sustainable food preservation. These colloidal systems, composed of nano-sized droplets (20–200 nm), exhibit exceptional physical stability, enabling effective encapsulation, protection and controlled release of lipophilic bioactive compounds such as essential oils, natural antimicrobials and antioxidants. Their distinctive physicochemical properties, including high surface area, optical transparency and improved solubility, effectively address challenges related to the stability and functionality of bioactives under diverse environmental conditions. Additionally, nanoemulsions act as natural barriers against oxidation and microbial spoilage, thus preserving food quality and extending the shelf life of perishable products. This review examines the formulation techniques of nanoemulsions, including high-energy and low-energy approaches, along with their composition, characterization and the factors influencing their properties and performance. The review also highlights the role of nanoemulsions in enhancing the antimicrobial and antioxidant efficacy of natural compounds, demonstrating their significant contribution to reducing food spoilage. Overall, nanoemulsions offer a sustainable, multifunctional platform for reducing food spoilage and extending product longevity, aligning with the global shift toward eco-friendly food preservation technologies.