Contemplative neuroaesthetics in architecture: A real-world mobile EEG study in the ancient city of Ghardaïa, Algeria

This study investigates the potential of built environments to induce contemplative states, contributing to the emerging field of contemplative neuroaesthetics. While the psychological benefits of these states are well-documented, their relationship with architecture remains underexplored. Using an embodied cognition framework, we explore how architectural features engage the sensorimotor system, fostering contemplative experiences. The ancient city of Ghardaïa, known for its natural harmony and subtle aesthetics, was the case study. Twenty participants, with no prior exposure to the site or architectural background, took part in a real-world experiment. They followed a designated path while equipped with a 32-channel mobile EEG system, smart band, and wide-angle cameras. Subjective feedback was collected via questionnaires. Multiple linear regression revealed that curved pathways significantly reduced Default Mode Network (DMN) activity ($\beta =-0.064;p<0.0001$), suggesting heightened sensorimotor engagement, potentially inducing a contemplative state. Conversely, higher occlusivity, measured through space syntax, correlated with increased DMN activity ($\beta =0.153$; $p=0.009$), indicating enclosed spaces promote introspection. Architectural features like corbels, arches, and landmarks also influenced DMN activity, highlighting spatial elements’ role in shaping brain dynamics. Future research should examine architectural contexts to clarify these mechanisms, with implications for designing spaces that promote well-being.