Techniques and craftsmanship of the hybrid framing cantilever bridges in Tengchong, Yunnan, China: A case study of the Yezhuqing Bridge

This study examines the structural characteristics and technical principles of the hybrid framing cantilever bridges along the Longchuan River in Tengchong, Yunnan, China, taking the Yezhuqing Bridge as a case example. Such bridges integrate diverse construction techniques—including inclined cantilevers, iron chains, three-sided arches, and strut frames—showcasing the craftsmanship characteristic of a region shaped by cultural blending. This paper first analyzes the structural design and mechanical principles based on the bridge's form, and then examines construction details to understand material selection, reconstruct fabrication methods, and explore craftsmanship thinking. The findings reveal that in the structural design, iron chains, strut frames, and three-sided arches each take on distinct load-bearing roles in a cantilever bridge, enabling it to achieve a large span. By coordinating structural components, this bridge type does not require scaffolding during construction, instead relying on the components themselves for mutual support throughout the building process. In terms of construction details, skillful arrangement of elements like wooden pegs enhances convenience and precision during construction, while ensuring overall integrity and stability. Additionally, this study examines existing structural vulnerabilities and past restoration issues, providing insights for future conservation efforts.