State-of-the-art of hierarchical microgrid technological framework: operational strategies with manifold barriers and future trajectories

Microgrids represent a critical and integral element in the advancement of smart grid technologies. These are diminutive-scale power systems, encompassing distributed energy resources. For the realization of the potential inherent in distributed generation, it is imperative to adopt a framework wherein the corresponding loads and generation are conceptualized as a sub-system, or more precisely, a microgrid. This article presents a comprehensive review of the scholarly literature pertaining to microgrid concept, technological applications. Research in this field is bifurcated into three primary domains: feasibility, control with management and stability strategies. Initially, the article delineates the various applications and categorizations of microgrids. Subsequently, it elucidates the objectives underlying microgrid control. Additionally, the article delves into the issue of small signal stability and hierarchal stability framework and clustering within microgrids, exploring various methodologies to enhance this aspect. Later, the paper scrutinizes the aspect of load frequency control within the microgrid paradigm. Additionally, numerous potential issues and barriers associated with microgrid implementation are identified and discussed. The paper concludes by delineating key areas for future microgrid research. This work aims to provide scientists, academician, and policymakers with comprehensive and structured knowledge about microgrids.