Visual perception and ergonomic influences: Assessing blind spot variability and distance estimation through side-view mirrors.

Driving safety has emerged as a global challenge, particularly in car-motorised two-wheeler (MTW) interactions, which are frequently observed in urban mixed-traffic conditions. This study examines mirror-specific challenges, focusing on blind spot variability and perception errors associated with convex side-view mirrors. To enhance real-world applicability, the study was conducted with professional car drivers to enhance real-world applicability. Findings reveal that the left-side mirror (passenger-side) has a larger blind spot area (14.57 m²) compared to the right-side (driver-side, 12.15 m²). To better understand mirror visibility, driver-specific ergonomic factors, such as eye-to-dashboard and eye-to-mirror distance were explored. The results further highlight that drivers tend to overestimate MTW distances, with errors being more pronounced in the left-side mirror, increasing the crash risk on that side. These insights indicate the need for improved mirror design, driver training education, and policy interventions to enhance visibility, improve driver awareness, and to mitigate MTW-related crash risks.