Phosphate solubilization and mobilization: bacteria-mycorrhiza interactions.

Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development. However, most of the P in the Earth's crust is insoluble, making it inaccessible to plants. This review examines the ability of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) to convert these insoluble forms of P into plant-accessible forms, highlighting their potential use as biofertilizers. PSMs mainly consist of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and fungi, which play crucial roles in the soil P cycle. The mechanisms of P solubilization encompass not only the key components of the soil P cycle but also relate to PSM species and the presence of phosphatase/phosphohydrolysis-related genes. Organic P are mineralized by enzymatic activity, while inorganic P, such as iron-phosphate, aluminium-phosphate, and calcium-phosphate are solubilized through organic acid production, proton extrusion, siderophore secretion, and exopolysaccharide production. Additionally, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are among the PSMs that effectively enhance P uptake in plants. Using PSM inoculants as biofertilizers has shown promise in improving soil P availability. However, further research is needed to determine the optimal application conditions, including timing, inoculum forms, and dosages, to maximize their effectiveness.