{"title":"三独立同分布随机变量经典中心极限定理的反例完成","authors":"Martin Raič","doi":"10.1016/j.spl.2025.110508","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>By the Lindeberg–Lévy central limit theorem, standardized partial sums of a sequence of mutually independent and identically distributed random variables converge in law to the standard normal distribution. It is known that mutual independence cannot be relaxed to pairwise independence, nor even to triplewise independence. Counterexamples have been constructed for most marginal distributions: a recent construction works under a condition which excludes certain probability distributions with atomic parts, in particular almost all distributions on a fixed finite set. In the present paper, we show that this condition can be lifted: for any probability distribution <span><math><mi>F</mi></math></span> on the real line, which has finite variance and is not concentrated in a single point, there exists a sequence of triplewise independent random variables with distribution <span><math><mi>F</mi></math></span>, such that its standardized partial sums converge in law to a distribution which is not normal. There is also scope for extension to <span><math><mi>k</mi></math></span>-tuplewise independence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49475,"journal":{"name":"Statistics & Probability Letters","volume":"226 ","pages":"Article 110508"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7000,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"A completion of counterexamples to the classical central limit theorem for triplewise independent and identically distributed random variables\",\"authors\":\"Martin Raič\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.spl.2025.110508\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><div>By the Lindeberg–Lévy central limit theorem, standardized partial sums of a sequence of mutually independent and identically distributed random variables converge in law to the standard normal distribution. It is known that mutual independence cannot be relaxed to pairwise independence, nor even to triplewise independence. Counterexamples have been constructed for most marginal distributions: a recent construction works under a condition which excludes certain probability distributions with atomic parts, in particular almost all distributions on a fixed finite set. In the present paper, we show that this condition can be lifted: for any probability distribution <span><math><mi>F</mi></math></span> on the real line, which has finite variance and is not concentrated in a single point, there exists a sequence of triplewise independent random variables with distribution <span><math><mi>F</mi></math></span>, such that its standardized partial sums converge in law to a distribution which is not normal. There is also scope for extension to <span><math><mi>k</mi></math></span>-tuplewise independence.</div></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":49475,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Statistics & Probability Letters\",\"volume\":\"226 \",\"pages\":\"Article 110508\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.7000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-07-25\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Statistics & Probability Letters\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"100\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167715225001531\",\"RegionNum\":4,\"RegionCategory\":\"数学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q3\",\"JCRName\":\"STATISTICS & PROBABILITY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Statistics & Probability Letters","FirstCategoryId":"100","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167715225001531","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"STATISTICS & PROBABILITY","Score":null,"Total":0}
A completion of counterexamples to the classical central limit theorem for triplewise independent and identically distributed random variables
By the Lindeberg–Lévy central limit theorem, standardized partial sums of a sequence of mutually independent and identically distributed random variables converge in law to the standard normal distribution. It is known that mutual independence cannot be relaxed to pairwise independence, nor even to triplewise independence. Counterexamples have been constructed for most marginal distributions: a recent construction works under a condition which excludes certain probability distributions with atomic parts, in particular almost all distributions on a fixed finite set. In the present paper, we show that this condition can be lifted: for any probability distribution on the real line, which has finite variance and is not concentrated in a single point, there exists a sequence of triplewise independent random variables with distribution , such that its standardized partial sums converge in law to a distribution which is not normal. There is also scope for extension to -tuplewise independence.
期刊介绍:
Statistics & Probability Letters adopts a novel and highly innovative approach to the publication of research findings in statistics and probability. It features concise articles, rapid publication and broad coverage of the statistics and probability literature.
Statistics & Probability Letters is a refereed journal. Articles will be limited to six journal pages (13 double-space typed pages) including references and figures. Apart from the six-page limitation, originality, quality and clarity will be the criteria for choosing the material to be published in Statistics & Probability Letters. Every attempt will be made to provide the first review of a submitted manuscript within three months of submission.
The proliferation of literature and long publication delays have made it difficult for researchers and practitioners to keep up with new developments outside of, or even within, their specialization. The aim of Statistics & Probability Letters is to help to alleviate this problem. Concise communications (letters) allow readers to quickly and easily digest large amounts of material and to stay up-to-date with developments in all areas of statistics and probability.
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