Low-Carbon Transit-Oriented Development and Active Transportation Modes: A Mixed-Methods Study on Mitigating Urban Heat Island Effects and Heat-Related Diseases

Introduction

To evaluate the impact of low-carbon transit-oriented development (TOD) and active transportation modes (e.g., cycling, walking) on urban heat island (UHI) mitigation and the prevention of heat-related diseases in densely populated areas.

Method

A mixed-methods approach combined land use data, meteorological records, and health surveys across 12 neighborhoods in a metropolitan area. Thermal infrared imaging and geographic information systems (GIS) assessed UHI intensity (ΔT = urban-l rural temperature difference). Heat-related illness incidence (e.g., heatstroke, dehydration) was analyzed via hospital admissions (2018–2023). Intervention scenarios simulated TOD strategies (e.g., green corridors, expanded bike lanes) using ENVI-met modeling. Community engagement surveys (n=400 residents) evaluated behavioral shifts in mobility patterns and thermal comfort perceptions.

Results

Neighborhoods with TOD infrastructure showed 1.8–2.3°C lower ΔT compared to conventional zones (p<0.01). Increased active transportation usage correlated with a 37% reduction in heat-related hospitalizations (adjusted OR=0.63, 95% CI: 0.51–0.78). Green corridor implementation reduced surface temperatures by 2.1°C (p<0.05) and enhanced pedestrian thermal comfort. Survey data indicated 68% of residents adopted heat-mitigating behaviors (e.g., hydration, shaded routes) post-intervention.

Discussion

Integrating low-carbon TOD with active transportation significantly reduces UHI effects and heat-related disease risks. These findings support preventive public health strategies by promoting urban designs that combine thermal comfort, emission reductions, and equitable health outcomes. Policymakers should prioritize TOD-expanded green spaces and safe cycling networks to mitigate climate-health synergies in vulnerable populations.