Advances in mass spectrometry-based glycomics: progress, applications, and perspectives

As one of the most common post-translational modifications, glycosylation plays a vital role in various biological processes, including tumor–immune interactions. Aberrant glycosylation is associated with the onset and progression of numerous human diseases. Mass spectrometry-based glycomics is highly significant for elucidating underlying molecular mechanisms and exploring the novel potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. In this feature article, we summarize the workflow of mass spectrometry-based glycomics, covering key experimental steps including glycan release, separation and purification, derivatization and labeling, mass spectrometry analysis, and quantification strategies. Besides, we also discuss the applicability and limitations of various techniques in glycomics research. This review aims to provide a systematic reference for glycomics research and promote the in-depth application of glycomics analysis in bio-medical studies and biomarker discovery.