The synaptic architecture of layer 5 thick tufted excitatory neurons in mouse visual cortex

Despite significant progress in characterizing neocortical cell types, a complete understanding of the synaptic connections of individual excitatory cells remains elusive. This study investigates the connectivity of mouse visual cortex thick tufted layer 5 pyramidal cells, also known as extratelencephalic neurons (L5-ETns), using a 1 mm3 publicly available electron microscopy dataset. The analysis reveals that, in their immediate vicinity, L5-ETns primarily establish connections with a group of inhibitory cell types, which, in turn, specifically target the L5-ETns back. The most common excitatory targets of L5-ETns are layer 5 intertelencephalic neurons (L5-ITns) and layer 6 (L6) pyramidal cells, whereas synapses with other L5-ETns are less common. When L5-ETns extend their axons to other cortical regions, they tend to connect more with excitatory cells. Our results highlight a circuit motif where a subclass of excitatory cells forms a subcircuit with specific inhibitory cell types. This is achieved using a publicly available, automated approach for synapse recognition and automated cell typing, offering a framework for exploring the connectivity of other neuron types. This study maps the connections of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the mouse cortex, revealing distinct local and intercortical wiring patterns, and provides an open framework for exploring the connectivity of cell types.