瓶装水中干扰内分泌的化学物质的评估：阿尔及尔的横断面研究和孕妇的风险评估

IF 12.4 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Water Research Pub Date : 2025-07-25 DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2025.124301

Abderrezak Khelfi , Silvana Andreescu , Mohamed Azzouz

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引用次数: 0

摘要

在世界范围内，用聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）包装的瓶装水的消费量大幅增加，这引起了人们对瓶装水质量的担忧，因为它可能释放出干扰内分泌的化学物质（EDCs）。本研究调查了瓶装水中包括邻苯二甲酸酯、双酚类、对羟基苯甲酸酯和二苯甲酮类在内的12种EDCs的发生和水平，并评估了它们对孕妇的潜在健康风险，为pet瓶装水的安全性提供了重要见解。还调查了这些化学物质在普通储存条件下的释放情况。在阿尔及尔三个不同地点收集的五种不同品牌的瓶装水中测量了EDCs水平。在不同的储存条件（室温、冰箱温度和冷冻条件）下，研究了EDCs在瓶装水中不同时间的迁移。EDCs采用液液萃取法提取，液相色谱-串联质谱法（LC-MS/MS）定量。通过安全指数的计算，对孕妇的健康风险进行了暴露评估。本研究对瓶装水中邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）、邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）、邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯（DnBP）、双酚A （BPA）、对羟基苯甲酸丙酯（PP）、二苯甲酮-1 （BP-1）、二苯甲酮-3 （BP-3）的检测频率分别为40%、100%、100%、20%、40%、20%和40%，相应的平均浓度分别为0.160、4.675、4.380、0.035、0.026、0.017和0.091 ng/mL。在所调查的EDCs中，PET瓶中仅检测到DEP、DEHP、DnBP和BPA（分别为40%、80%、80%和20%），其测量量与温度和储存时间呈正相关。除了DnBP（5.753%）和DEHP（1.562%）外，瓶装水中EDCs的估计每日摄入量低于既定参考值，高度接触者的浓度超过了世界卫生组织（WHO）的建议。通过饮用瓶装水摄入EDCs的最高危害商（HQ）低于1，表明不太可能产生不良影响。这项研究首次提供了阿尔及利亚瓶装水中存在EDCs的证据。总的来说，这些发现表明，如果保持适当的储存条件，pet瓶装水作为EDCs暴露源的风险最小。测量到的EDC水平仍低于安全阈值，从公共卫生角度来看被认为是安全的。这些发现为了解包装中EDC的迁移提供了有价值的数据，有助于最大限度地减少EDC的暴露，并告知消费者安全储存的做法。

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Assessment of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in bottled water: A cross-sectional study in Algiers and risk assessment in pregnant women

The consumption of bottled water packaged in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has increased considerably worldwide, raising concerns about the quality of bottled water due the potential release of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). This study investigates the occurrence and levels of 12 EDCs, including phthalates, bisphenols, parabens, and benzophenones, in bottled water and assesses their potential health risks for pregnant women, providing crucial insights into the safety of PET-bottled water. The release of these chemicals consumed in common storage conditions was also investigated.

EDCs levels were measured in five different brands of bottled water collected from three different locations in Algiers. Migration of EDCs in bottled water was investigated under different storage conditions (room temperature, refrigerator temperature, and freezing conditions) at various durations. EDCs were extracted using liquid-liquid extraction and quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). An exposure assessment was performed to evaluate health risks in pregnant women via the calculation of safety indexes.

The study detected diethyl phthalate (DEP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n‑butyl phthalate (DnBP), bisphenol A (BPA), propylparaben (PP), benzophenone-1 (BP-1), and benzophenone-3 (BP-3) in bottled water with detection frequencies of 40 %, 100 %, 100 %, 20 %, 40 %, 20 %, and 40 %, and corresponding mean concentrations of 0.160, 4.675, 4.380, 0.035, 0.026, 0.017, and 0.091 ng/mL, respectively. Among the investigated EDCs, only DEP, DEHP, DnBP, and BPA were detected in PET bottles (40 %, 80 %, 80 %, and 20 %, respectively) with measured amounts showing a positive correlation with temperature and storage duration. The estimated daily intake of EDCs from bottled water was below established reference values, except for DnBP (5.753 %) and DEHP (1.562 %), where the concentrations in highly exposed individuals exceeded the recommendations made by the World Health organization (WHO). The highest hazard quotient (HQ) for EDCs intake via bottled water consumption was lower than 1, indicating that adverse effects are unlikely.

This study provides the first evidence of EDCs in bottled water in Algeria. Overall, these findings suggest that PET-bottled water poses minimal risks as a source of EDCs exposure when appropriate storage conditions are maintained. The measured EDC levels remain below safety thresholds and are considered safe from a public health perspective. These findings provide valuable data regarding to the understanding of EDC migration from packaging, helping to minimize exposure to EDCs and inform consumers about safe storage practices.

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来源期刊

Water Research 环境科学-工程：环境

CiteScore

20.80

自引率

9.40%

发文量

1307

审稿时长

38 days

期刊介绍： Water Research, along with its open access companion journal Water Research X, serves as a platform for publishing original research papers covering various aspects of the science and technology related to the anthropogenic water cycle, water quality, and its management worldwide. The audience targeted by the journal comprises biologists, chemical engineers, chemists, civil engineers, environmental engineers, limnologists, and microbiologists. The scope of the journal include: •Treatment processes for water and wastewaters (municipal, agricultural, industrial, and on-site treatment), including resource recovery and residuals management; •Urban hydrology including sewer systems, stormwater management, and green infrastructure; •Drinking water treatment and distribution; •Potable and non-potable water reuse; •Sanitation, public health, and risk assessment; •Anaerobic digestion, solid and hazardous waste management, including source characterization and the effects and control of leachates and gaseous emissions; •Contaminants (chemical, microbial, anthropogenic particles such as nanoparticles or microplastics) and related water quality sensing, monitoring, fate, and assessment; •Anthropogenic impacts on inland, tidal, coastal and urban waters, focusing on surface and ground waters, and point and non-point sources of pollution; •Environmental restoration, linked to surface water, groundwater and groundwater remediation; •Analysis of the interfaces between sediments and water, and between water and atmosphere, focusing specifically on anthropogenic impacts; •Mathematical modelling, systems analysis, machine learning, and beneficial use of big data related to the anthropogenic water cycle; •Socio-economic, policy, and regulations studies.