Can a virtual reality tool detect minor executive functions impairment in patients with multiple sclerosis?

Introduction

Traditional neuropsychological tests do not always identify executive disorders in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), despite their complaints. Many studies suggest that virtual reality (VR) may be useful to evaluate cognitive functions as close as possible to patients’ daily activities. We investigated the validity of a VR tool in the assessment of executive impairment in MS patients.

Methods

Thirty patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and 30 matched healthy controls performed a shopping task using the Virtual Action Planning-Supermarket (VAP-S) which simulates a supermarket environment (main measures: total test duration, distance traveled, incorrect actions, number of stops, duration of stops and time to pay) with a familiarization phase followed by a test phase. In addition, neuropsychological tests assessing executive functions were proposed. Inter-group comparisons were conducted using adapted statistical tests and correlation analyses between the VAP-S and the traditional tests results were performed.

Results

No significant difference was observed between the two groups in traditional tests. However, during the VAP-S familiarization phase, RRMS patients performed worse than controls, showing differences in distance traveled (P = 0.042), total test duration (P = 0.021) and number of stops (P = 0.034). In the VAP-S test phase, no difference was found. Correlations were observed between some of the VAP-S scores and traditional tests results in both groups.

Conclusion

A VR tool appears to be more effective than traditional tests in detecting mild executive difficulties in MS patients. We noticed a learning effect during the test phase, suggesting that VR could support cognitive rehabilitation and improve daily living.