Surgical vs. Medical Management of Infective Endocarditis Following TAVR: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Infective endocarditis after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR-IE) is a rare but severe complication associated with high morbidity and mortality. The optimal treatment strategy-surgical explantation versus medical therapy-remains uncertain, particularly given the technical demands of TAVR removal and the advanced age of many affected patients.

Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies comparing the surgical and medical management of TAVR-IE. Primary outcomes included 30-day mortality and 1-year survival. Secondary analyses explored microbiological profiles, patient demographics, prosthesis type, postoperative complications, and surgical indications. A qualitative synthesis of surgical explantation techniques and reconstructive strategies was also performed based on recent consensus recommendations.

Results: Three studies comprising 1557 patients with TAVR-IE were included; 155 (10.0%) underwent surgical treatment. Thirty-day mortality was comparable between groups (surgical: 9.7%; medical: 8.4%), while the pooled odds ratio for one-year survival did not reach statistical significance (OR: 1.91, 95% CI: 0.36-10.22; I² = 88%). However, single-center outcomes demonstrated markedly improved survival with surgery (96% vs. 51%). The most common surgical indications included severe valvular dysfunction (50.3%), aortic root abscess (26.5%), and large vegetations (21.3%), in line with current guideline recommendations. Postoperative complications included acute renal failure (10%) and longer hospitalizations (19.8 vs. 18 days), although these were not statistically different. Contemporary explant strategies-such as the Double Kocher, Tourniquet, and Y-incision aortic enlargement techniques-were highlighted as critical tools for surgical success.

Conclusions: While underutilized, surgical intervention for TAVR-IE may offer significant survival benefits in select patients, particularly when guided by established indications and performed at high-volume centers. Outcomes depend heavily on timing, surgical expertise, and appropriate patient selection. As TAVR expands to younger populations, TAVR-IE will become increasingly relevant, necessitating early multidisciplinary involvement and broader familiarity with advanced explant techniques among cardiac surgeons.